czarist regime

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• RUSSIA — RUSSIA, former empire in Eastern Europe; from 1918 the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (R.S.F.S.R.), from 1923 the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (U.S.S.R.); from 1990 the Russian Federation. Until 1772 ORIGINS The penetration… …   Encyclopedia of Judaism

• COMMUNISM — COMMUNISM, the international revolutionary Marxist movement that evolved under lenin s leadership from the Bolshevik faction (created in 1903 in the Russian Social Democratic Party) to become the ruling party of Russia after the October… …   Encyclopedia of Judaism

• ANTISEMITISM — ANTISEMITISM, a term coined in 1879, from the Greek ἁντί = anti, and Σημ = Semite by the German agitator wilhelm marr to designate the then current anti Jewish campaigns in Europe. Antisemitism soon came into general use as a term denoting all… …   Encyclopedia of Judaism

• POPULATION — Methodological Uncertainties Because of the great difficulties in ascertaining human population data in general, and Jewish data in particular, especially in ancient and medieval times, a word of caution is even more necessary here than in most… …   Encyclopedia of Judaism

• EMANCIPATION — Definitions and Dialectics Emancipation of the Jews in modern times stands alongside such other emancipatory movements as those of the serfs, women, slaves in the United States, and Catholics in England. The term emancipation is derived from… …   Encyclopedia of Judaism

• Congregation of Marian Fathers — Blessed Stanislaus of Jesus and Mary Papczyński, Founder of the Marians, on the oldest existing portrait from the end of the 17th C., Marian monastery in Skórzec, Poland. The Congregation of Marian Fathers of the Immaculate Conception of the Most …   Wikipedia

• NEWSPAPERS, HEBREW — This article is arranged according to the following outline: the spread of the hebrew press main stages of development In Europe Through the Early 1880s ideology of the early press in europe until world war i in europe between the wars the… …   Encyclopedia of Judaism

• MODERN TIMES – FROM THE 1880S TO THE EARLY 21ST CENTURY — introduction effects of anti jewish discrimination in russia pogroms and mass emigration german jewry racism and antisemitism The Economic Crisis of the Early 1930s In Soviet Russia after 1917 new types of social organization contribution to… …   Encyclopedia of Judaism

• POLAND — POLAND, republic in E. Central Europe; the kingdom of Poland and the grand duchy of Lithuania united formally (Poland Lithuania) in 1569. This article is arranged according to the following outline: the early settlements jewish legal status… …   Encyclopedia of Judaism

• BLOOD LIBEL — BLOOD LIBEL, the allegation that Jews murder non Jews, especially Christian children, in order to obtain blood for the Passover or other rituals: most blood libels occurred close to Passover, being basically a another form of the belief that Jews …   Encyclopedia of Judaism

• BALFOUR DECLARATION — BALFOUR DECLARATION, official statement which arthur james balfour , the British foreign secretary, addressed to Lionel Walter Rothschild (2nd Baron Rothschild) on November, 2, 1917. It conveyed a declaration of sympathy with Jewish Zionist… …   Encyclopedia of Judaism